What is the difference between drilling, expanding, reaming, and boring?

Uspoređivanje s površina strojna obrada od vanjskih krugova, the uvjeti za rupa strojna obrada are mnogo gore, i strojna obrada rupe je more teško than strojna obrada vanjski krugovi. Ovo je jer:
1) The size of the tool used for hole machin is limited by the size of the hole being machined, resulting in poor rigidity and easy savijanje deformacija i vibracije;
2) Kada korištenje fiksno veličina rezanje alati to proces rupe, the veličina of the hole često direktno zavis on the corresponding size of the tool, and the manufacturing error and wear of the tool will directly afekt the the Thumb The Hole;
3) Kada strojna obrada rupe, rezanje područje je unutra the radni komad, i uvjeti za čip uklanjanje i toplina rasipanje su loši, izrada to teško kontrola the strojna obrada točnost i površinska kvaliteta.
1, bušenje i reaming
1. Bušenje
Bušenje je prvi proces obrade rupe on čvrsti materijali, s a bušenje promjer općenito manje od 80 mm. Tu dva načina to bušilica: one je to rotate the drill bit; Another type is workpiece rotation. The errors generated by the the two drilling methods are not the same. In the drilling method of rotating the drill bit, when the cutting edge is asimetrični and the drill bit is not rigid enough, the centerline of the processed hole will be skewed or not straight, but the aperture will Basically nepromijenjeno; In The Drilling Method of rotating the workpiece, on the contrary, the deviation of the drill bit will cause a change in the aperture, while the the središnja linija of the hole remains straight.
The obično korišteno bušenje alati include: Fried Tijest Twists bušilica, centar bušilica, deep hole bušilica, etc., of which the most commonly used is the Fried Dough Twists drill, whose diame specification is the picture.
Due to strukturno ograničenja, the savijanje krutost i torzijska krutost of the bušilica bit are oboje nizak, spojeno s loše centriranje, rezultat in low accuracy in drilling obradi, općenito only reaching IT13 to IT11; The surface hrapavost is also relativno high, with Ra generalno range from 50 to 12,5 μ M; But the metal removal rate of drilling is high, and the cutting efficiency is high. Bušenje je uglavnom korišteno za obrada rupe s niska kvaliteta zahtjevi, tak as vijak rupe, navo dno rupe, ulje rupe, ALT. For holes that require high strojnica točno i surface quality, they should be postignuto kroz reaming, reaming, dosadno, or brušenje in naknadna strojna strojna.
2. Širenje rupe
Širenje a rupa is the the follow processing of a hole that has ve been bušen, cast, or kovan using an expanding drill, in order to expand the aperture and improve the machin quality of the hole. Expanding a hole hole can be used as a predobrada before precision strojna obrada, or as the final processing of a hole with low requirements. The reamer is similar to the Fried Dough Twists drill, but IT HAS More Teeth NO CROSS Edge.
Usporedljeno s bušenje, reaming has the following karakteristike: (1) more teeth (3-8 teeth), better guidance, and more stable cutting; (2) The reaming bušilica ne have a horizontal edge and has good cutting conditions; (3) The Machin allowance Is small, the chip groove can be made scalm, the Drill Core Can Be Be Made Thicker, And The The Tool Body Has Better Strength And krutost. The accuracy of hole expansion machin is općenito IT11~IT10 level, and the surface hrapavost Ra is 12.5~6.3. Expanding holes is common is bušilica obično used to process holes with promjere manje than one in the picture. When bušenje rupe with a larger promjer (D Greater than or equal to 30mm), it is common to pre drill with a small drill bit (with a promjer of 0.{5-0.7 times the otvor blende), and then use a odgovarajući size reamer to enlarge the hole. This can improve the machin quality and production efficiency of the hole.
In addition to being able to process cylindrical holes, various special shaped holed bušilice (also known as spot facers) can be used to process various countersunk seat holes and flat end faces. The end of the spot facer is often opremljen with a guide column, which is guided by a machined hole.
2, Reaming holes
Reaming is one the the precision machin metode for holes, which is widely used in production. For smaller holes, reaming is a more economical and practical machin method compared to inner circle grinding and precision dosadno.
1. Žetelac
Žetelice are općenito podijeljeno u dvije vrste: ruka žete želice i strojne žetelice. The handle of the hand reamer is a a ravna ručka, with a a longer work part and better guiding effect. The hand reamer has two structures: integral and adjustable outer promjer. There are two types of machine reamers: those with handles and those sleeves. Reamers can not only process kružno rupe, but also konus reamers can be used to process sužava holes.
2. Reaming process and its application
The allowance for reaming has a significant impact on the the quality of reaming. If the allowance is too large, the load on the reamer will be high, and the cutting edge will be quickly dulled, making it difficult to obići a Smooth Machin Surface And Ensure Dimensional Tolerancije; The margin is too small to remove the knife marks left by The Previous process, Which Natural Has No Effect on ImImproveing the quality of hole processing. The general rough hinge allowance is taken as 0.35-0.15mm, and the fine hinge allowance is taken as 01.5-0.05mm.
To avoid the formation of chip deposits, reaming is obično nosi out at a lower cutting speed (when using high-speed steel reamerers to process steel and cast iron, v<8m/min). The value of feed rate is related to the aperture being processed. The larger the aperture, the larger the feed rate value. When high-speed steel reamers process steel and cast iron, the feed rate is usually set to 0.3-1mm/r.
When reaming, appropriate cutting fluid must be used for hlađenje, podmazivanje, and čišćenje to prevent the formation of chip deposits and timely removal of chips. Compared with grinding and dosadno, reaming has a higher productivity and is easier to ensure the accuracy of the hole; Međutim, reaming cannot correct the positional error of the hole os, the the positional accuracy of the hole should be be ensured by the the prethodni proces. Žetva rupe je ne prikladno za obrada korak rupe i slijepe rupe.
The accuracy of hinge hole size is generalno IT9-IT7 level, and the surface hrapavost Ra is generalno 3.2-0.8. For holes with medium size and high precision requirements (tak as IT7 level precision holes), the drilling expanding hinge process is a typical machin scheme commonly used in production.
3, Dosadno rupe
Boring is a strojna obrada metoda to korištenje rezanje alati to enlarge montažne rupe. Boring work can be cared out on both a dosadno stroj i a tokarilica.
1. Dosadno metoda
Tu su tri različite metode metode za dosadno rupe.
1) The rotation of the workpiece and the feed motion of the tool in boring holes on a lathe mostly belong to this type of boring method. The process characteristics are: the axis of the processed hole is consistent with the rotation axis of the workpiece, the roundness of the hole mainly depends on the rotation accuracy of the machine tool spindle, and the axial geometric shape error of the hole mainly depends on the positional accuracy of the tool feed direction relative to the rotation axis of the workpiece. This boring method is suitable for machining holes with coaxiality requirements on the outer surface.
2) The tool rotates, and the workpiece moves in feed. The boring machine spindle drives the boring tool to rotate, and the worktable drives the workpiece to move in feed.
3) The tool rotates and performs feed motion using this boring method. The overhanging length of the boring bar changes, and the force deformation of the boring bar also changes. The aperture near the spindle box is larger, while the aperture far away from the spindle box is smaller, forming a tapered hole. In addition, as the overhanging length of the boring bar increases, the bending deformation of the spindle caused by its own weight also increases, and the axis of the machined hole will produce corresponding bending. This boring method is only suitable for processing shorter holes.
2. Dijamant dosadno
Compared with general boring, the karakteristike of diamond boring are small back cutting amount, small feed rate, high cutting speed, and it can achieve high machin accuracy (IT{{{{{{{{{IT6) and very smooth surface (Ra is 0.4-0.05). Diamond boring was originalno obrađeno with diamond boring cutters, but now it is općenito processed with hard alloy, CBN, and artificijal dijamant rezanje alati. Uglavnom koristi se za obrada obojeni metal izratci, it can also be korišteni za obrada lijevano željezo i čelik dijelovi.
The obično korišteno rezanje parametri for dijamant dosadno are: back feed pre dosadno of {{{{0}}.2-0.6mm and final dosadno 0.1mm; The feed rate is 0}.01~0.14mm/r; The cutting speed for processing cast iron is 100-250m/min, for processing steel it is {150-300m/min, and for processing obojeni metali it is 300-2000m/min.
In order to ensure that diamond boring can achieve high machin accuracy and surface quality, the machine tool (diamond boring machine) used must have high geometrijski točnost i krutost. The vreteno podrška podrška of stroj alat obično uses preciznost kutna kontakt kugla ležajevi or hidrostatski klizni ležajevi, i velika brzina rotirajući dijelovi must be precizno uravnoteženo; In dodatak, the motion of the feed mechanism must be very smooth to ensure that the workbench can perform smooth low speed feed motion.
Diamond boring has good machin quality and high production efficiency, and is widely used in the final machin of precision holes in large-scale production, such as engine cylinder holes, klip pin holes, lopton holes, head holes, head holes, and vreteno holes on machine tool tool vreteno kutije. Međutim, it treba biti noted that when using diamond boring to process black metal products, only boring rezači made of hard alloy and CBN can be used, and dosadno rezači made of diamond can can be used becos be use because the affinity between carbon atoms in diamond and iron group elements is high, and the tool life is low.
3. Dosadno rezač
Boring rezači can be podijeljeno into single edged boring cutters cutters and double edged cutters.
4. Proces karakteristike i primjena opseg od dosadnih rupa
Compared with the drilling expanding hing hinge process, the aperture size of the boring hole is not limited by the tool size, and the the boring hole has strong error correction ability. It can correct the deviation error of the original hole os through multiple tool passes, and can maintain high positional accuracy between the boring hole and the positioning surface.
Compared with the outer circle of the the tokarilica, due to the poor rigidnost and large deformation of the tool bar system, the heat disipation and chip removal conditions are not good, and the thermal deformation of the workpiece and tool is relatively large. The machining quality and production efficiency of the boring hole are not as high as as that of the outer circle of the athe the athe a.
Temeljeno na the the above analysis, it can be concluded that dosadno has a wide processing range and can process holes of various sizes and accuracy levels. For holes hole systems with larger apertures and higher requirements for size and positional accuracy, boring is almost the only processing method. The machin accuracy of boring holes is IT9 to IT7 levels, and the surface roughness Ra is. Boring can be nosio out on dosadno strojevi, tokarilice, glodanje strojevi i ostalo stroj alati, with the advantages of flexibility and flexibility, and Is Widely used in Production. In mass production, boring dies are often used to improve Perfect Efficiency.
4, Honing hole
1. Honing princip i honing glava
Honing is a metoda od poliranje rupe using a honing glava s a brušenje traka (uljni kamen). During honing, radni komad ostaci stacionarni, and the honing glava je pogonjeno by te vreteno of the stroj alat to rotate and perform klipno linear gibanje. In honing obrada, the brušenje traka djela on the surface of the workpiece with a certain pressure, cutting off an extreme thin layer of material from the surface of workpiece, and its cutting trajec a a cross pattern. To ensure that the motion trajecexist of the sand bar abraziv čestice ne ne ponavljanje, the number of revolutions per minute of the the honing head's Rotacija motion Should Be Prime to the number of kickprocating strokes per minute of the honing head.
The cross angle image of the the honing trajectory is related to the reciprocating speed image and circumferential speed image of the honing head. The size of the image angle impactcts the machin quality and efficiency of honing. Generally, the image is taken as degree for rough honing degree for honing. In order to facilitate the the discharge of broken abraziv čestice i čips, reduce rezanje temperatura, i poboljšati strojna obrada kvaliteta, dovoljno rezanje tekućina treba biti korišteno tijek tijek brušenje.
To ensure even strojna obrada of the hole walls, the travel of the sand bar must exceed a certain distance at both ends of the hole. To ensure uniform honing allowance and reduce the impact of vreteno rotacija error on strojna točnost, plutajuće veze are are uglavnom korištene between the honing head and the vreteno of the machine tool.
Tu su razni strukturni oblici za za radijalno ekspanzija and kontrakcija podešavanje of heming glava brušenje traka, uključujući priručnik, pneumatski, i hidraulički.
2. The process characteristics and application scope of honing
1) Honing can achieve high dimensional and shape accuracy, with machin accuracy range from IT7 to IT6. The roundness and cylindricity errors of the hole can be controlled within a certain range, but honing cannot improve the positional accuracy of the processed hole.
2) Honing can postići visoka površina kvaliteta, s površina hrapavost Ra as prikazano in slika. The depth of the surface metal's metamorfne defekt sloj je ekstremno small (as prikazano in the picture).
3) Compared with the grinding speed, although the circumferential speed of the honing head is not high (VC=16-60m/min), due to the large contact area between the sand strip and the workpiece, the reciprocating speed is relatively high (VA=8-20m/min), so honing still has a higher productivity.
Honing je široko korišten u velikih razmjera proizvodnja for the strojna obrada od precision holes in engine cilindar rupe i razni hidraulični uređaji. The aperture range is općenito or larger, and deep holes with a length to diameter ratio greater than 10 can be machined. Međutim, honing is not appropriateable for machin holes holes on non ferrous metal workpieces with high plasticity, nor for machin holes holes with keyways, spline holes, etc.
5, Izvlačenje Rupe
1. Broaching and Broaching

During broaching, the cutting tool only performs low-speed linear motion (main motion). The number of teeth that the cutting tool should work on at the same time should generally not be less than 3, otherwise the cutting tool will not work smoothly and may produce circular ripples on the surface of the workpiece. In order to avoid excessive cutting force that may cause the broach to break, the number of teeth on the working tool should generally not exceed 6-8 during broaching.
Tu su tri različiti reznice metode za broaching, koji su opisani as slijedi:
(1) The characteristic of layered broaching is that the broach sekvencijalno rezovi the the strojnica dopuštenje of radni komad sloj poj sloj, sloj sloj pozornik sloj. In order to facilitate chip breaking, there are interlocking chip separation grooves on the cutter teeth. A broach designed accord to a layered cutting method is called a regular broach.
(2) The characteristic of block turning is that each layer of metal on the machined surface is cut off by a set of teeth (obično composed of 2-3 teeth in each group) are basically the same size but interlocked with each other. Each blade only removes a portion of a layer of metal. A broach designed accord to the block cutting method is called a wheel broach.
(3) The comprehensive broaching metoda combines the advantages of layered and block broaching. The rough cutting part adopts block broaching, while the fine cutting part part adopts layered broaching. This can not only shorten the length of the broach, improve productivity, but also achieve better surface quality. A broach designed according to a comprehensive cutting method is called a a comprehensive brow.
2. Proces karakteristike i primjena opseg od rupa povlačenje
1) A broš is a multi edged tool that can sekvencijalno complete the rough strojna obrada, preciznost strojna obrada, i završna of holes in one cutting stroke, resulting in high production efficiency.
2) The accuracy of hole pulling uglavnom depends on the accuracy of the broach. Under normal conditions, the accuracy of hole pulling can reach IT9~IT7, and the surface hrapavost Ra can reach 6.3~1.6 μ M.
3) Kada povlačenje rupe, the radni komad je pozicioniran po po the obrađeno hole itself (the leading part of the cutting tool is the positioning component of the workpiece), and it is difficult to ensure the accuracy of the mutual position between the hole and other surfaces when pulling holes; For the the machin of rotating parts with coaxiality requirements on the inner and outer surfaces, it is often necessary to first pull holes holes i tada use the holes as the positioning reference to machine other površina.
4) Broache can not only process kružne rupe, but also form holes and spline holes.
5) Broache are fiksne size cutting tools with complex shapes and expensive prices, which are not appropriateable for machin large holes.
Povlačenje rupe are uobičajeno korišteno in masa proizvodnja to proces aperture veličine of Ф Through holes on small and medium-sized parts with a promjer of 10-80}mm and a hole depth not exceeding 5 times the aperture.